Solar photovoltaics (PV) are materials that convert light directly into electricity using no moving parts. They are made from semiconducting materials, most commonly silicon.
The heart of a solar panel is made from wafers of semiconducting material, usually silicon, which accounts for around 95% of the global PV market. Panels also include a glass front surface, aluminium frame, and polymer resins to seal and protect against water ingress.
kWp (kilowatt peak) measures the maximum power output of a solar system under standard test conditions. A 1 kWp system typically requires between 5–6.25m² of roof space depending on panel efficiency.
In the UK, solar panels typically generate between 700 kWh per kWp in Scotland and over 1,000 kWh per kWp in Cornwall, depending on location, orientation, and system size.
The optimal orientation is south-facing at around 30 degrees. However, panels between southeast and southwest, and pitches from 10–50 degrees, can still achieve around 95% of optimal output.
Solar panels can be installed on most roof types, including tiled, slate, flat, metal, and standing seam roofs. They can also be installed on ground mounts, carports, canopies, facades, and pergolas.
Yes. Shading can significantly reduce output because panels are connected in strings. Even partial shading can affect the performance of the entire string. Designers use modelling software to minimise shading impact.
It depends on your electricity usage. A typical 3 kWp system can generate around 2,500 kWh annually, which may exceed household electricity usage, although generation does not always align with demand.
Solar panels generate zero-carbon electricity, reduce reliance on the grid, lower energy bills, and provide long-term cost savings. They also increase energy independence and environmental sustainability.
Yes. When installed correctly and in compliance with IET regulations, solar PV systems are completely safe.
Yes, flexible solar panels are available and are useful for portable or specialist applications such as caravans, boats, and standing seam metal roofs.
A complete solar PV system typically repays the energy required to manufacture it within around three years of operation in the UK.
An inverter converts DC electricity produced by solar panels into AC electricity for use in buildings and ensures compatibility with the grid.
Solar PV systems require very little maintenance. Panels have no moving parts and are designed to operate efficiently for 25 years or more. Cleaning may be needed in dusty or polluted environments.
Solar PV can improve a property's EPC rating and may increase desirability. Quality of installation and installer reputation are key factors.
A typical residential installation takes one day, excluding scaffolding setup and removal.
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